This Research Topic encompasses the application of neuroimaging techniques to investigate the processing of New Music in people with different degrees of musical expertise and to investigate the relationships between behavioral and brain responses. It covers three major themes: the demarcation of New Music, with an emphasis on the synthesis and modification of musical sound and musical syntax or lack thereof, the actual processing of New Music, with a distinction between perception, cognition, induction, and entrainment, and the neural correlates of these levels of processing and the neuroimaging techniques for their assessment.